Background
Brazilian emission standards for on-road vehicles and engines are adopted by the Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renovaveis (IBAMA), an agency within the Ministry of Environment (Ministério do Meio Ambiente). The numerical emission limits and certification test cycles are based on European Union regulations. Important regulatory steps include:
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- First set of vehicle emission regulations, adopted in 1993 [Conama 8/93], based on Euro 0/2 standards.
- Second set of emission standards, adopted in 2002 with implementation dates over 2006-2009 [Conama 315/2002]. The light-duty vehicle PROCONVE L4/L5 standards were based on Euro 3/4, while the heavy-duty PROCONVE P5/P6 were based on Euro III/IV standards.
- OBD requirements for domestically produced and imported Otto cycle light commercial vehicles, adopted in 2004 [Conama 354/2004].
- PROCONVE P7 standards for heavy-duty engines, adoped in 2008 with implementation in 2012 [Conama 403/2008], based on Euro V standards.
- PROCONVE L6 standards for light-duty vehicles, adoped in 2009 with implementation dates over 2013-2015 [Conama 415/2008], based on Euro 5 standards.
Diesel engines have been used in Brazil in heavy-duty vehicles, such as trucks and buses, as well as in light-duty commercial vehicles, but are not allowed in passenger cars. For this reason, the first set of emission regulations did not include standards for diesel cars. Such standards have been included in the newer legislation (PROCONVE 4/5), in part because Brazilian standards are used as a base by neighboring South American countries, where diesels are used in passenger cars.
Light-Duty Vehicles
More stringent standards for passenger cars and light commercial vehicles became effective in 2007 (including the first standards for diesel cars). Details on these standards are shown in Table 1.1 and Table 1.2. Light vehicles are tested over a chassis dynamometer cycle (test standard NBR6601) which is based on the FTP-75 test.
It should be noted that the PROCONVE regulations tend to be more relaxed than the corresponding EU standards. For instance, the PROCONVE L6—while based on Euro 5—does not include the particulate filter-forcing PM mass or number emission standards.
| Tier | Date | Idle CO | CO | THC | NMHC | NOx | HCO | PM |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % vol | g/km | |||||||
| PROCONVE L4 | 1.1.20071,2 | 0.50 | 2.0 | 0.30 | 0.16 | 0.253/0.604 | 0.03 | 0.05 |
| PROCONVE L5 | 1.1.2009 | 0.50 | 2.0 | 0.30 | 0.05 | 0.123/0.254 | 0.02 | 0.05 |
| PROCONVE L6 | 1.1.20135 | 0.20 | 1.3 | 0.30 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.025 |
|
Idle CO limits apply to Otto cycle engines only THC limits apply to natural gas vehicles only HCO limits apply to Otto cycle engines only; Natural gas vehicles exempted PM limits apply to Diesel cycle engines only (1) 1.1.2005: at least 40% of annual production (passenger vehicles + light commercial vehicles) (2) 1.1.2006: at least 70% of annual production (passenger vehicles + light commercial vehicles) (3) Otto cycle engines (4) Diesel cycle engines (5) For all diesel vehicles. Otto cycle 1.1.2014/1.1.2015 for new models/all registrations, respectively. | ||||||||
| Category* | Tier | Date | Idle CO | CO | THC | NMHC | NOx | HCO | PM |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % vol | g/km | ||||||||
| ≤1700 kg | PROCONVE L4 | 1.1.20071,2 | 0.50 | 2.0 | 0.30 | 0.16 | 0.253/0.604 | 0.03 | 0.08 |
| PROCONVE L5 | 1.1.2009 | 0.50 | 2.0 | 0.30 | 0.05 | 0.123/0.254 | 0.02 | 0.05 | |
| PROCONVE L6 | 1.1.20135 | 0.20 | 1.3 | 0.30 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.03 | |
| >1700 kg | PROCONVE L4 | 1.1.20071,2 | 0.50 | 2.7 | 0.50 | 0.20 | 0.433/1.004 | 0.06 | 0.10 |
| PROCONVE L5 | 1.1.2009 | 0.50 | 2.7 | 0.50 | 0.06 | 0.253/0.434 | 0.04 | 0.06 | |
| PROCONVE L6 | 1.1.20135 | 0.20 | 2.0 | 0.50 | 0.06 | 0.253/0.354 | 0.03 | 0.04 | |
|
Idle CO limits apply to Otto cycle engines only THC limits apply to natural gas vehicles only HCO limits apply to Otto cycle engines only; Natural gas vehicles exempted PM limits apply to Diesel cycle engines only * Light Commercial Diesel Vehicles >2000 kg max. total mass are allowed to be homologated as HD, Table 2.2 (1) 1.1.2005: at least 40% of annual production (passenger vehicles + light commercial vehicles) (2) 1.1.2006: at least 70% of annual production (passenger vehicles + light commercial vehicles) (3) Otto cycle engines (4) Diesel cycle engines (5) For all diesel vehicles. Otto cycle 1.1.2014/1.1.2015 for new models/all registrations, respectively. | |||||||||
The regulations also set an evaporative emissions limit of 2 g/test for Otto cycle engines, except those fueled by natural gas.
Trucks And Buses
Model Year 1993-2005
Emission standards for new MY 1993-2005 diesel fueled trucks and buses are summarized in Table 2.1. The same standards also applied to light-duty trucks. All truck and bus engines, including those used in light trucks, were certified on an engine dynamometer (test cycle ECE R-49).
| Year | Category | Reference Standard | CO | HC | NOx | PM |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| g/kWh | ||||||
| 1993 | All | Euro 0 | 11.2 | 2.45 | 14.4 | - |
| 1994 | Urban buses | Euro 1* | 4.9 | 1.23 | 9.0 | - |
| 1996 | All | Euro 1* | 4.9 | 1.23 | 9.0 | 0.4a |
| 1998 | Urban buses | Euro 2 | 4.0 | 1.1 | 7.0 | 0.15b |
| 2000 | All | Euro 2 | 4.0 | 1.1 | 7.0 | 0.15b |
| * - production conformity limit
a - multiply by a factor of 1.7 for engines below 85 kW b - 0.25 g/kWh for engines up to 0.7 liter, rated speed above 3000 rpm |
||||||
In addition to the above standards, new engines have to meet the following free acceleration smoke limits (effective March 94):
- 0.83/m (30 HSU) for naturally aspirated engines
- 1.19/m (40 HSU) for turbocharged engines
Model Year 2006 and Later
More stringent standards applicable to heavy-duty engines effective 2006 are summarized in Table 2.2. Diesel engines are tested over both the ESC and ETC tests, while gas engines are tested over the ETC test only (see also EU regulations).
| Tier | Date | Test | CO | THC | NMHC | NOx | PM† | Smoke |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| g/kWh | m-1 | |||||||
| PROCONVE P5 | 1.1.20061,2,3 | ESC/ELR | 2.1 | 0.66 | - | 5.0 | 0.10 or 0.135 | 0.8 |
| ETC4 | 5.45 | - | 0.78 | 5.0 | 0.16 or 0.215 | - | ||
| PROCONVE P6 | 1.1.20096 | ESC/ELR | 1.5 | 0.46 | - | 3.5 | 0.02 | 0.5 |
| ETC | 4.0 | - | 0.55 | 3.5 | 0.03 | - | ||
| PROCONVE P7 | 1.1.2012 | ESC/ELR | 1.5 | 0.46 | - | 2.0 | 0.02 | 0.5 |
| ETC | 4.0 | - | 0.55 | 2.0 | 0.03 | - | ||
|
† Applicable to diesel engines only
(1) 1.1.2004 for urban buses or 60% of annual production of urban buses (100% by 01/01/2005); in that case, manufacturers must produce at least 60% observing PROCONVE P5 for the non-urban bus HD annual production (2) 1.1.2005 for micro-buses (3) 1.1.2005 40% of production/year of HD (except urban bus and micro-bus) per manufacturer (4) diesel vehicles without catalysts or particulate filters can be tested over ESC cycle only (5) For engines of less than 0.75 dm3 swept volume per cylinder and a rated power speed of more than 3000 rpm (6) PROCONVE P6 standards were never implemented, P5 standards remain in effect through the end of 2011 | ||||||||
The P7 stage also introduces a 25 ppm limit for ammonia (NH3) to be met over both test cycles.